Moreover, MVs have been reported to transfer plasmids between different strains 13, 14 and DNA cargo into eukaryotic host cells 15. 12 demonstrated, for the first time, the association of DNA with MVs released by Gram-positive bacteria belonging to the Ruminococcus genus, and the capability of these MVs to restore a specific metabolic activity in mutant strains 12. The occurrence of HGT mediated by MVs has been observed in many studies: for example, Klieve et al. Indeed, different types of genetic material, such as chromosomal, plasmid, and/or phage DNA, together with sRNA, mRNA, and miRNA, have been detected inside MVs or in association with their membrane 5, 8, 9, 11. However, in recent years MVs have been considered as the fourth mechanism of HGT, called vesiduction 5, 8, 9, 10. The main studied mechanisms of HGT in prokaryotes are transformation, conjugation, and transduction 6, 7. In the context of HGT, which is recognized as one of the major forces driving the shaping of genes and genomes and their evolution 6, the MVs may play a (very) important role. The release of MVs can facilitate many biological functions such as nutrient uptake, competition, survival, stress response, intercellular communication, and horizontal gene transfer (HGT) 1, 3, 5. These findings suggest that MV DNA could have a role in the evolution of Streptomyces genomes and that MVs could be exploited in new strain engineering strategies.īacterial membrane vesicles (MVs) are spherical and membranous particles with nanometer diameter and their cargo includes various macromolecules-such as nucleic acids (DNA and RNA), lipids, and proteins (i.e., enzymes and toxins)-and small molecules-such as cellular metabolites, signals, and bioactive molecules (i.e., antibiotics) 1, 2, 3, 4. coelicolor carry both DNA and RNA and that their DNA content represents the entire chromosome of the bacterium. In this work we demonstrated for the first time that MVs of S. It was previously demonstrated that it can produce distinct populations of MVs characterized by different protein and metabolite cargos. Streptomyces bacteria are well-known for their ecological roles and ability to synthesize bioactive compounds, with Streptomyces coelicolor being the model organism. Among them, bacterial MVs are of particular interest because they are now considered as the fourth mechanism of horizontal gene transfer. Many examples of (micro)organisms producing MVs are reported in literature. Membrane vesicles (MVs) are spherical particles with nanoscale dimensions and characterized by the presence of diverse cargos, such as nucleic acids, proteins, lipids, and cellular metabolites.
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